Pitching Performance: Understanding Trunk Position at Foot Strike – Part 1
Written on October 7, 2013 at 9:33 am, by Eric Cressey
Cressey Performance Pitching Coordinator Matt Blake and I collaborated on today's piece, which kicks off a three-part series. I think you'll find it to be a great example of how crucial it is for pitching experts and strength and conditioning specialists to work together to help athletes get to where they need to be. -EC
Today, we’re going to be taking a look at a key phase of the pitcher’s delivery that we like to identify when doing video assessments; this phase is the trunk positioning at foot strike. In doing so, we’re going to dig in on some variables that may make or break this position for pitchers.
The trunk orientation at foot strike is a key indicator because it’s a critical moment in the delivery that captures the momentum and potential energy that we were attempting to build in the stride phase. Just as importantly, foot strike is the instant at which we begin to convert it into kinetic energy that moves up the chain.
In order to efficiently capture this energy, our body has to be set up properly at landing to both accept the ground reaction force in our legs and induce a sequence of stretch-reflex mechanisms throughout the body to optimize our hand speed at ball release. This is where the term “Hip and Shoulder Separation” originates; this commonly thrown-around concept is quite often bungled because of how people strive to get it. Without getting into stride phase mechanics, let’s just look at a couple key identifiable traits that we like to see at landing.
Our model for this example will be Zach Greinke, because of his ability to create elite velocities in a highly repeatable manner from a body type to which most pitchers can relate. In order to do that, he’s got to be powerful and efficient, and (with or without knowing it) he has to get into some highly leveraged positions to create hand speed.
The first thing we want to identify is where the torso stacks up over the stable base we’ve tried to create at landing. The key landmarks we make note of here are 1) the degree of pelvis rotation that is leading the sequencing, 2) an effectively braced lumbar region, and 3) a balanced use of thoracic extension/rotation and scapular retraction, and 4) where the head is oriented. All of these markers need to be working together to create a lag effect from the initial rotation of the pelvis, up the spine to the shoulder girdle, and into the distal aspects of the throwing arm.
This “lag effect” or “segmental separation” has been documented in a handful of studies at this point, and is very evident in elite throwers, so we’re not going to dive into this too much. Instead, today’s post is more about identifying what the segmental separation looks like in these throwers and how it might be overdone at times.
The key in creating this separation effectively is keeping our target in mind and making sure these sequenced rotations are expressed in the right direction. If you’ll notice the picture of Greinke above, he’s very adept at getting this separation without “selling out” for it by creating excessive lumbar extension (lower back arching) and letting his ribs flare upwards. He’s in an effective position to keep his ribs and pelvis functioning together so as to keep his intra-abdominal pressure for an effective bracing pattern. In other words, the ribs need to stay down and pelvis can't tip forward excessively as he raise his arms to throw.
This is an important concept because a lot of athletes may be able to create “separation,” but they’re not doing it in a manner that allows their core to stabilize effectively over their pelvis upon landing. If there’s too much counter-rotation or extension in the lumbar region, we may be getting more “pre-stretch” than we can handle, and getting it from the wrong place, as the lumbar region is designed to be stable and resist this extension and rotation. If this is the case, we may not be able to recall the stretch we’ve created, missing our temporal window to transfer force, and in turn, leaking energy. This doesn’t just mean losses in velocity or poor command, though; it can also lead to both acute and chronic injuries.
We want the lumbar region to create an effective bracing pattern that simply allows us to channel the energy created in the lower half and then use our thoracic mobility to effectively “lengthen the whip.” If this isn’t the case and we become over-reliant on the lumbar region for this separation, we can begin to see lower back issues, or oblique strains on the non-dominant side from the excessive stretch in a region that is not structurally designed for a lot of range of motion. As further anecdotal evidence, I (Eric) have never seen a player – pitcher or hitter – with an oblique strain who had what I’d deem acceptable anterior core control.
That being said, below is an example of two pitchers who set up in different postures, one relying on more torso extension than the other to create “whip” in the throw.
Now, obviously, the pitcher on the right has had a history of success at the highest level, so we're not saying you can’t pitch like this, but aside from the potential health issues in trying to mimic this level of extension, we also see amateur pitchers who have a hard time realizing an effective release point due to the excessive range of motion required to get from Point A to point B.
With pitchers like this, a lot of times you’ll see them miss consistently up to the arm side or compensate by cutting balls off to their glove-side instead of being able to backspin them there. This is due to a host of factors, but mainly because they’re not able to sustain their braced rotation and create an effective driveline to release from this position.
The other piece of the puzzle that needs to be understood at landing is how we create effective centration patterns in our joints. Key examples in the pitching delivery are the front hip where the femoral head meets the acetabulum (pictured on left) and the throwing shoulder where the humeral head meets the glenoid fossa of the scapula (pictured on right).
 
We’ll leave the hip socket alone for now, but let’s try to understand why it’s important to create a relatively neutral orientation in our lumbar region for the sake of keeping our shoulder healthy.
In order to get proper function at the glenohumeral (ball and socket) joint, we need the scapula to get to the right amount of upward rotation on the rib cage so our humeral head can center itself in its socket and get the rotator cuff to function in its true role of dynamic stabilization during external rotation (and, later, out front at ball release).
If we are in a hyperextended position because we’re driving through an excessive combination of both lumbar and thoracic extension, we may be putting our shoulder blade in a depressed and downwardly rotated position that isn’t optimal for timing purposes in the throw. In other words, the arm gets up, but the shoulder blade can’t – meaning the golf ball is falling off the tee.
If this is the case and we can’t upwardly rotate the scapula on time to keep the humeral head centered, we can run into an excessive amount of superior humeral glide. Unless the rotator cuff is bull-strong to hold the humerus down in the socket, we have to rely heavily on other active and passive restraints (long head of biceps and glenohumeral ligaments, respectively) of the shoulder. These problems are exacerbated by the fact that the humerus is externally rotating to get to the lay-back position, and when this happens, the humeral head has a tendency to translate forward. So, the cuff, biceps tendon, and glenohumeral ligaments are all working hard to prevent both superior and anterior migration of the humeral head. And, the biceps tendon is twisting and tugging at its attachment on the superior labrum; this is known as the peel-back mechanism for superior labral injuries.
If you’re a visual learner and none of the previous paragraph made sense to you, don’t worry. Check out this video and things should make sense:
Yet again, don’t get us wrong, there’s a lot of velocity to be had in these excessively extended positions, assuming they are timed up right, but the long and the short of it is, you’re probably not Tim Lincecum. If you’re attempting to sell out for these lengthened positions, you better have a real nice blend of hip mobility and stability, a ton of anterior core strength, some thoracic mobility and scapular stability and a boat load of athleticism to sustain these positions over the long haul. A quick arm won’t hurt, either!
These issues don’t normally present themselves during the first inning of a start in April, but they do have a tendency to linger underneath the surface until a point where your body is fatigued and the incessant abuse of throwing a baseball time and time again takes its toll, bringing you to threshold.
At the end of the day, we’re not going to be the internet warriors who tell Tim Lincecum he’s doing it all wrong, because he’s not, but we are going to warn the millions of amateur pitchers who aren’t Tim Lincecum that they need to be aware of how they’re attempting to create separation in their throw. More often than not, amateur pitchers are trying to write checks their body can’t cash for that ever elusive 90mph throw. Our advice to you is to dig in and learn more about how the body moves along your way. You’ll find that more often than not, you can do more with less, assuming you’re getting the range of motion in your throw through the right segments and optimizing the timing of your sequencing.
As much as it is the guys who have considerable amounts of laxity who throw hard, it’s the guys who combine it with right amount of stability to create the relative stiffness necessary to stay healthy over the long haul. Needless to say, there’s a lot more that goes into creating the durable high level delivery, but that should give you a couple key points to think about as you begin to figure out how you’re going to make yourself a better player this offseason.
In Parts 2 and 3 of these series, we'll cover some drills you can utilize to prevent or correct these problems. In the meantime, if you'd like to learn more about how we manage throwers, be sure to register for one of our Elite Baseball Mentorships. The next one will take place December 8-10.
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October 7th, 2013 at 11:06 am
In the comparison between the two pitchers; isn’t it true Lincecum is in position shown due to rotation to tilt shoulders because he throws “over the top”? If so are you saying young pitchers should lower arm slot to get to desired position? If so at what age should change be considered & when are they too far along to modify?
October 7th, 2013 at 12:44 pm
Eric, Matt:
Really excited to get into parts 2 and 3 and appreciate the concepts here. Love the idea of building healthy durable and effective pitchers and learning as much as possible to avoid potentially disastrous short cuts.
Thx
October 7th, 2013 at 12:46 pm
Eric, Matt: I’m very impressed!! The more I read and hear you guys talk about this stuff the more I am truly understanding. I’m even learning body part names. My comprehension must be approaching 70%. Not bad for a lay person,
Good stuff you guys! As usual this will be passed on to the pitcher!!
October 7th, 2013 at 1:59 pm
I didn’t read this article, but just skimmed through quickly because it made me think of what I saw last night in the Dodgers/Braves game.
I happened to turn it on in the 8th when Walden was pitching. The first pitch I saw was when he hit Ellis. I thought the ball got away from him because he slipped. I assumed he must have slipped because of how he “jumped”.
After that I realized that’s his normal motion.
I know that’s not the topic here, but I’ve never seen anyone pitch like that before. Gotta wonder what that’s like on his body and arm.
October 7th, 2013 at 4:58 pm
Good stuff guys! I’m starting to believe that my scap does not upward rotate when I throw. I get into good scap loading with the scap being slightly depressed and the more I think of it, it’s not getting out of that position and rotating upward. What can I do to make it rotate upward? Please, any advice will help. Thanks
October 7th, 2013 at 6:11 pm
Great article. So basically you train athletes like lincecum, much like any other person (ie. anterior core work, t-spine mobility, scap upward rotation etc.). Seems like those are the common denominators needing to be trained for 99% of humans regardless of whether they are an athlete or not 🙂
October 7th, 2013 at 6:14 pm
Jeff,
We’ll talk about that in parts 2 and 3.
October 7th, 2013 at 9:44 pm
Eric,
I dont know if you have read this but Brian Oates has written an article about the different postures for pitching mechanics that could be used as a response to yours. http://oatesspecialties.com/blog.php/?p=896?osCsid=fc72659aa5e8a58bf952aeaeed471fcd
October 8th, 2013 at 8:29 am
Hey .
Bill Kenik,
How’s your baseball comin?
As you must have learned, the above article is super informative. Parts 2 and 3 I feel will be as informative, I suggest as I will do is to type all three articles in order, study them and keep them close at hand, even make xtra copies and hand them out to interested coaches, parents and players.
Great Baseball-N
Don Ervin
dfervin32@yahoo.com
October 8th, 2013 at 8:49 pm
Lucas,
Yep, I’m familiar with the A/B/C postures Ron outlined and Brian wrote up. To be clear, poor control of extension at foot strike can occur in any of these three postures. Usually, we’re dealing with timing issues that are exacerbated by physical shortcomings (mobility or stability problems, or both). Brian wrote a great piece that’s spot on.
October 11th, 2013 at 7:26 pm
No mention of the role that the obliques play in throwing mechanics?
October 12th, 2013 at 6:04 pm
Jeff,
You seem confused.
October 13th, 2013 at 2:05 pm
Eric,
Thanks for the awesome insight. Figured out why my non-dominant obliques have been hurting the last few days. Must have beed the lower back extension I was focusing on during pitching. What are some effective and repeatable ways to increase this segmental separation without injury?