Baseball Strength and Conditioning Programs: How Much Rotator Cuff Work is Too Much? – Part 1

Written on January 9, 2012 at 8:15 am, by Eric Cressey

I just got back from presenting in front of 3,500 coaches at the American Baseball Coaches Convention in Anaheim.  I had an absolute blast, and since I received some great feedback from many coaches in attendance after my talk, I thought I’d use the first few posts of this week to recap a few highlights of my presentation.  To start off, one statement I made that I know turned some heads was:

I think most people overtrain the rotator cuff nowadays, and they do so with the wrong exercises, anyway.

To illustrate my point, I’m going to ask a question:

Q: What is the most common complication you see in guys as they rehabilitate following a Tommy John Surgery?

A: Shoulder problems – generally right around the time they get up to 120 feet.

Huh?  Shoulder pain is a post-operative complication of an elbow surgery?  What gives?

First, I should make a very obvious point: many of these guys deal with shoulder stiffness as they get back to throwing simply because they’ve been shut down for months.  That I completely expect – but remember that it’s stiffness, and not pain.  They always throw their way out of it.

The more pressing issue is what is taking place in their rehabilitation – and more specifically, what’s taking place with the synergy between their rehabilitation and throwing program. Let me explain.

Rehabilitation following a UCL reconstruction is extensive.  While different physical therapists certainly have different approaches, it will always be incredibly heavy on rotator cuff strength and timing, as well as adequate function of the scapular stabilizers.  Guys always make huge strides on this front during rehab, but why do so many have shoulder pain when they get further out with their long tossing?  The answer is very simple:

Most people don’t appreciate that throwing a baseball IS rotator cuff training.

Your cuff is working tremendously hard to center the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.  It controls excessive external rotation and anterior instability during lay-back.

It’s fighting against distraction forces at ball release.

And, it’s controlling internal rotation and horizontal adduction during follow-through.

Simultaneously, the scapular stabilizers are working incredibly hard to appropriately position and stabilize the scapula on the rib cage in various positions so that it can provide an ideal anchor point for those rotator cuff muscles to do their job.

A post-op Tommy John thrower – and really every player going through a throwing program – has all the same demands on his arm (even if he isn’t on the mound, where stress is highest).  And, as I wrote previously in a blog about why pitchers shouldn’t throw year-round, every pitcher is always throwing with some degree of muscle damage at all times during the season (or a throwing program).

Keeping this in mind, think about the traditional Tommy John rehabilitation approach.  It is intensive work for the cuff and scapular stabilizers three times a week with the physical therapists – plus many of the same exercises in a home program for off-days.  They’re already training these areas almost every day – and then they add in 3-6 throwing sessions a week.  Wouldn’t you almost expect shoulder problems?  They are overusing it to the max!  This is a conversation I recently had with physical therapist Eric Schoenberg, and he made another great point:

Most guys – especially at higher levels – don’t have rotator cuff strength issues; they have rotator cuff timing issues.

In throwing – the single-fastest motion in all of sports – you’re better off having a cuff that fires at the right time than a cuff that fires strong, but late.  Very few rotator cuff exercise programs for healthy pitchers take that into account; rather, it’s left to those doing rehabilitation.  Likewise, most of the programs I see altogether ignore scapular stability and leave out other ways to train the cuff that are far more functional than just using bands.

Now, apply this example back to the everyday management of pitchers during the season. Pitchers are throwing much more aggressively: game appearances, bullpens, and long toss.  They need to do some rotator cuff work, but it certainly doesn’t need to be every day like so many people think.

I’ll cover how much and what kind in Part 2.  In the meantime, if you’d like to learn more about the evaluation and management of pitchers, check out Optimal Shoulder Performance.

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Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Quarterbacks vs. Pitchers

Written on July 26, 2010 at 5:39 am, by Eric Cressey

Here’s an interesting study on the incidence of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries in professional football quarterbacks.  With only ten reported cases between 1994 and 2008, it’s obviously (and not surprisingly) much lower than the rates we see in professional baseball players.  This is right in line with what I discussed in Weighted Baseballs: Safe and Effective or Stupid and Dangerous?

However, what is very interesting to me is that 9/10 cases were treated non-operatively; in other words, Tommy John surgery is much less prescribed in football quarterbacks than baseball pitchers – meaning that the quarterbacks respond better to conservative treatment.

What’s up with that?  They are the same injuries – and presumably the same rehabilitation programs.

In my eyes, it’s due to the sheer nature of the stress we see in a baseball pitch in comparison to a football throw.  As a quarterback, you can probably “get by” with a slightly insufficient UCL if you have adequate muscular strength, flexibility, and tissue quality.  While this is still the case in some baseball pitchers, the stresses on the passive structure (UCL) are still markedly higher on each throw, meaning that your chances of getting by conservatively are probably slightly poorer.

I’m sure that the nature of the sporting year plays into this as well.  Football quarterbacks never attempt to throw year-round, so there isn’t a rush to return to throwing.  There are, however, a lot of stupid baseball pitchers who think that they can pitch year-round, so kids often “jump the gun” on their throwing programs and make things worse before they can heal completely.

That said, we’ve still worked with a lot of pitchers who have been able to come back and throw completely pain-free after being diagnosed with a partial UCL tear and undergoing conservative treatment (physical therapy).  It’s an individual thing.

Related Posts

Understanding Elbow Pain – Part 3: Throwing Injuries
Understanding Elbow Pain – Part 4: Protecting Pitchers

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Inefficency vs. Pathology

Written on February 29, 2008 at 5:50 pm, by Eric Cressey

In Newsletter 95, I wrote about how pathologies often don’t become symptomatic until inefficiencies get to be too bad. Here is a perfect example of a guy who has basically learned how to work around a pathology to remain competitive at a high level.

New Twist Keeps Dickey’s Career Afloat

You can bet that he’s got a lot of efficiency working in his favor.

Thanks, Paul Vajdic, for passing this along!